The most frequently reported include Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Nickel. These metals can accumulate in tissues and contribute to cancer development by causing DNA damage, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and disruption of cellular repair mechanisms. 

Heavy Metals and Cancer

Arsenic

• Classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
• Long-term exposure may occur through contaminated drinking water, food, pesticides, herbicides, industrial chemicals, paints, and some seafood.
• Associated with an increased risk of:
  • Skin cancer
  • Lung cancer
  • Bladder cancer

Cadmium

• Recognized as a Group 1 carcinogen.
• Common sources include cigarette smoke, batteries, metal processing, and industrial workplaces.
• Prolonged exposure has been linked to:
  • Lung cancer
  • Prostate cancer
  • Kidney cancer

Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI))

• A confirmed human carcinogen.
• Used in stainless steel manufacturing, chrome plating, and leather tanning.
• Mainly increases the risk of lung cancer.

Lead

• Classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A).
• Exposure may come from old paint, contaminated soil, water pipes, batteries, and industrial activities.
• Has been associated with cancers of the:
  • Lung
  • Stomach
  • Brain

Nickel

• Classified as a Group 1 carcinogen.
• Occupational exposure is the most common source.
• Linked to:
  • Lung cancer
  • Nasal cavity cancer

Mercury

• Considered a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B).
• Exposure can occur through contaminated fish, industrial emissions, certain medical devices, and dental amalgams.
• Some studies suggest a possible association with cancer, although the evidence is less consistent than for other heavy metals.

Thallium

• Exposure may occur through rodenticides, pesticides, and fireworks.
• Has been associated with:
  • Lung cancer
  • Skin cancer